Seismic Isolation
From the beginning of the world, earthquakes have occurred and will continue happening in the future. The most dramatic and memorable images of earthquake damages are indeed those of structural collapse. There are two fundamental approaches to mitigate earthquake damages on structures. The first approach is fortifying the structural lateral resistance system in order to tolerate exerted earth motion forces. These systems include moment resistance frames, shear walls and braces. Diminishing earthquake forces before entering into the structure states as the second approach.
The first approach which is known by name of conventional method is well-known, constructor-accepted and it has been widely used within the engineering practice. However, this method increases dead load of structure which can be undesirably costly. The second approach is less practiced in the literature and needs to be more explored.
The main goal of partake quake-attenuating in buildings is to absorb energy and to attenuate the exerted forces into structures as a result of ground motions. Quake-attenuating systems are divided into two main categories of Dampers and Isolators. Quake-attenuating systems restrain transmission of forces into the structure; therefore, they make considerable subsidence in story acceleration and story drifts that overall result is visible in designing forces carried by each elements.
Notwithstanding achievements and developments in the field of quake-attenuating systems, applying them in the structures is proportional to following complicated technology and subtle engineering. Furthermore, installation and initiation of this systems depend on educated and expert crews and such attenuating systems need maintenance and repair during the useful structural life time. The aforementioned reasons lead to limitation and high-cost of utilizing such system especially in developing countries. Consequently, nowadays civil engineering suffers from the lack of such quake-attenuating systems to be able to respond simply but applicable mechanism at the same time for almost all types of structure.
Background
Nowadays civil engineering suffers from the lack of such quake-attenuating systems to be able to respond simply but applicable mechanism at the same time for almost all types of structure. Inspired by Patent No.: US 6,862,848B1, year 2008 Tsang published an article and introduced new system of isolation (Tsang 2008). This system is formed from rubber and soil mixture located in the base ground under structure foundation. Tsang showed the ability of mitigation of earthquake energy and isolation wave transition of this system for a ten story building. Afterward Kaneko conducted pseudo-dynamic response test and concluded that this system is effective for both seismic isolation and to prevent liquefaction and Xiong proposed that seismic isolation per-formance of rubber soil mixture is inferior to that of a foundation underlain by pure-sand, carried out by shak-ing table tests with a 1/3 scale rubbersoil mixtures model. All these evaluations prove the isolation ability of rubber-soil mixture as an isolator system. Therefore, researches over this new idea has begun and researches such as Senetakis et al. has started to find the behavioral parameters of rubber-soil mixture
.
Ground Isolation by Geo-Isolator
Seismic waves propagate through interior of the earth from earthquake focus to ground surface. The final portion of this traveling is often through the soil that can greatly influence the nature of shaking on the surface. Herein, a new isolation system is introduced to mitigate seismic waves before entering into the structure by changing the soil nature of underlying ground aggregates, named as geo-isolator (Sarraf et al 2024).
The Geo Isolator is placed between the structure and the sub soil to separate the structure from the bed soil. Consequently, separation of the whole structures and foundation on the entire contact surface from sub soil leads to change the nature of single point isolation into the extended continuous surface of 3D isolation over entire foundation-soil surface. In fact, the Geo Isolator effects whole incoming seismic waves by utilizing 3D effect of wave mitigation, damping, refraction and reflection for both vertical and horizontal seismic waves of all kinds of surface or body waves due to system mechanism that designed for all seismic arrival waves through the body of the bed soil.
Geo-Isolator Material
Base-isolators is made from two parts of resistant section (lead) and mitigating section (rubber). Geo-isolator system categorizes in the same manner; however, allowable range of material stresses decrease from steel power to soil power by transferring isolator system from column-foundation junction to underground position. This changing over range of stresses help to consider more types of material as isolator aggregates. Appropriate choice for resistant section of geo-isolator is the same soil which not only accessible but also economical. For mitigating section, materials with high damping features, considerable hysteretic curve, low stiffness and rea-sonable ultimate stress is intended. Thus, although material used by past researchers was rubber, other materials with those four specific features have to find this chance to be considered. Such material may be named as elastomers, soft polymers, oil derivatives and etc. In spite of this consideration, this research, similar to past researches, utilizes the mixture of rubber and soil as geo-isolator material. In geotechnical engineering, the mix of shredded tires and sand is known as rubber-sand mixture or RSM. ASTM D6270 − 08 (Reapproved 2012) standard approve applicability of this material and determines some rules for the manner of being used in civil engineering project such as lightweight retaining wall backfill, drainage layers for roads, thermal insu-lation to limit frost penetration, vibration damping layers for rail lines, lightweight embankment and replace-ment for soil or rock in other field applications. One of the important rule which is relevant to this project states that RSM layer cannot be buried more than of 3 m depth.
Geo-Isolator Advantages
Geo-isolator is a new isolation system, which is located in the ground under the foundation. This system mit-igates earthquake peak acceleration such that for the worst case of ground 0.7g excitation, isolated structure experiences 0.35g peak acceleration. Results of this research are offered in the form of design spectra, by evaluating seven scaled excitations soil response analyses. The important outcomes of this research are as follow:
Geo-Isolation Inspiration
Introduction: In the field of civil engineering, there is a pressing need for innovative solutions to address the dynamic forces caused by earthquakes and explosive loads. Traditional strengthening systems often come with significant challenges and complications. This project aims to introduce a novel approach that offers efficient and effective mitigation of these forces.
Concept: Seismic waves travel from the earthquakes epicenter to the earths surface, primarily passing through the soils of the earths crust in the final stages. The properties of these soils significantly influence the nature of these waves and the resulting surface vibrations. Essentially, these soils act as filters, altering the frequencies of seismic waves.
Inspiration: Drawing inspiration from this natural phenomenon, the proposed idea involves modifying the subsoil characteristics using materials with specific properties. This modification aims to deviate (through refraction and reflection) and dampen seismic waves before they reach the structure.
Methodology: By examining how changes in soil characteristics affect the reduction of earthquake wave impacts, the project will identify the optimal materials for this purpose. The goal is to overcome the limitations of existing separation systems by introducing the concept of bed separation.
Implementation: The soils characteristics greatly influence ground-level vibrations and the conditions of the construction site (soil under the foundation). These factors significantly affect the amplitude, frequency content, and duration of seismic movements. The core idea is to transfer the seismic isolation system from the structure itself into the soil.
Execution: The isolation system is moved from the base of the columns on the foundation to the bed soil beneath the foundation. This extends the seismic isolation level across the entire surface under the foundation, effectively separating the entire building (including the structure and foundation) from the underlying soil.
Materials: The separation of the building from the underlying soil is achieved using materials that can withstand the buildings gravity loads while reducing and controlling the passage of earthquake waves. This isolator system reduces the force applied to the structure and its components during an earthquake, significantly decreasing floor acceleration and relative displacement between floors.
Benefits: As a result, design forces are reduced, leading to a lighter building skeleton and lower implementation costs.
This innovative approach promises to enhance the resilience of buildings against seismic activities, offering a practical and efficient solution for modern civil engineering challenges.
Seismic Isolation
From the beginning of the world, earthquakes have occurred and will continue happening in the future. The most dramatic and memorable images of earthquake damages are indeed those of structural collapse. There are two fundamental approaches to mitigate earthquake damages on structures. The first approach is fortifying the structural lateral resistance system in order to tolerate exerted earth motion forces. These systems include moment resistance frames, shear walls and braces. Diminishing earthquake forces before entering into the structure states as the second approach.
The first approach which is known by name of conventional method is well-known, constructor-accepted and it has been widely used within the engineering practice. However, this method increases dead load of structure which can be undesirably costly. The second approach is less practiced in the literature and needs to be more explored.
The main goal of partake quake-attenuating in buildings is to absorb energy and to attenuate the exerted forces into structures as a result of ground motions. Quake-attenuating systems are divided into two main categories of Dampers and Isolators. Quake-attenuating systems restrain transmission of forces into the structure; therefore, they make considerable subsidence in story acceleration and story drifts that overall result is visible in designing forces carried by each elements.
Notwithstanding achievements and developments in the field of quake-attenuating systems, applying them in the structures is proportional to following complicated technology and subtle engineering. Furthermore, installation and initiation of this systems depend on educated and expert crews and such attenuating systems need maintenance and repair during the useful structural life time. The aforementioned reasons lead to limitation and high-cost of utilizing such system especially in developing countries. Consequently, nowadays civil engineering suffers from the lack of such quake-attenuating systems to be able to respond simply but applicable mechanism at the same time for almost all types of structure.
Background
Nowadays civil engineering suffers from the lack of such quake-attenuating systems to be able to respond simply but applicable mechanism at the same time for almost all types of structure. Inspired by Patent No.: US 6,862,848B1, year 2008 Tsang published an article and introduced new system of isolation (Tsang 2008). This system is formed from rubber and soil mixture located in the base ground under structure foundation. Tsang showed the ability of mitigation of earthquake energy and isolation wave transition of this system for a ten story building. Afterward Kaneko conducted pseudo-dynamic response test and concluded that this system is effective for both seismic isolation and to prevent liquefaction and Xiong proposed that seismic isolation per-formance of rubber soil mixture is inferior to that of a foundation underlain by pure-sand, carried out by shak-ing table tests with a 1/3 scale rubbersoil mixtures model. All these evaluations prove the isolation ability of rubber-soil mixture as an isolator system. Therefore, researches over this new idea has begun and researches such as Senetakis et al. has started to find the behavioral parameters of rubber-soil mixture
Ground Isolation by Geo-Isolator
Seismic waves propagate through interior of the earth from earthquake focus to ground surface. The final portion of this traveling is often through the soil that can greatly influence the nature of shaking on the surface. Herein, a new isolation system is introduced to mitigate seismic waves before entering into the structure by changing the soil nature of underlying ground aggregates, named as geo-isolator (Sarraf et al 2024).
The Geo Isolator is placed between the structure and the sub soil to separate the structure from the bed soil. Consequently, separation of the whole structures and foundation on the entire contact surface from sub soil leads to change the nature of single point isolation into the extended continuous surface of 3D isolation over entire foundation-soil surface. In fact, the Geo Isolator effects whole incoming seismic waves by utilizing 3D effect of wave mitigation, damping, refraction and reflection for both vertical and horizontal seismic waves of all kinds of surface or body waves due to system mechanism that designed for all seismic arrival waves through the body of the bed soil.
Geo-Isolator Material
Base-isolators is made from two parts of resistant section (lead) and mitigating section (rubber). Geo-isolator system categorizes in the same manner; however, allowable range of material stresses decrease from steel power to soil power by transferring isolator system from column-foundation junction to underground position. This changing over range of stresses help to consider more types of material as isolator aggregates. Appropriate choice for resistant section of geo-isolator is the same soil which not only accessible but also economical. For mitigating section, materials with high damping features, considerable hysteretic curve, low stiffness and rea-sonable ultimate stress is intended. Thus, although material used by past researchers was rubber, other materials with those four specific features have to find this chance to be considered. Such material may be named as elastomers, soft polymers, oil derivatives and etc. In spite of this consideration, this research, similar to past researches, utilizes the mixture of rubber and soil as geo-isolator material. In geotechnical engineering, the mix of shredded tires and sand is known as rubber-sand mixture or RSM. ASTM D6270 − 08 (Reapproved 2012) standard approve applicability of this material and determines some rules for the manner of being used in civil engineering project such as lightweight retaining wall backfill, drainage layers for roads, thermal insu-lation to limit frost penetration, vibration damping layers for rail lines, lightweight embankment and replace-ment for soil or rock in other field applications. One of the important rule which is relevant to this project states that RSM layer cannot be buried more than of 3 m depth.
Geo-Isolator Advantages
Geo-isolator is a new isolation system, which is located in the ground under the foundation. This system mit-igates earthquake peak acceleration such that for the worst case of ground 0.7g excitation, isolated structure experiences 0.35g peak acceleration. Results of this research are offered in the form of design spectra, by evaluating seven scaled excitations soil response analyses. The important outcomes of this research are as follow:
Seismic Isolation
From the beginning of the world, earthquakes have occurred and will continue happening in the future. The most dramatic and memorable images of earthquake damages are indeed those of structural collapse. There are two fundamental approaches to mitigate earthquake damages on structures. The first approach is fortifying the structural lateral resistance system in order to tolerate exerted earth motion forces. These systems include moment resistance frames, shear walls and braces. Diminishing earthquake forces before entering into the structure states as the second approach.
The first approach which is known by name of conventional method is well-known, constructor-accepted and it has been widely used within the engineering practice. However, this method increases dead load of structure which can be undesirably costly. The second approach is less practiced in the literature and needs to be more explored.
The main goal of partake quake-attenuating in buildings is to absorb energy and to attenuate the exerted forces into structures as a result of ground motions. Quake-attenuating systems are divided into two main categories of Dampers and Isolators. Quake-attenuating systems restrain transmission of forces into the structure; therefore, they make considerable subsidence in story acceleration and story drifts that overall result is visible in designing forces carried by each elements.
Notwithstanding achievements and developments in the field of quake-attenuating systems, applying them in the structures is proportional to following complicated technology and subtle engineering. Furthermore, installation and initiation of this systems depend on educated and expert crews and such attenuating systems need maintenance and repair during the useful structural life time. The aforementioned reasons lead to limitation and high-cost of utilizing such system especially in developing countries. Consequently, nowadays civil engineering suffers from the lack of such quake-attenuating systems to be able to respond simply but applicable mechanism at the same time for almost all types of structure.
Background
Nowadays civil engineering suffers from the lack of such quake-attenuating systems to be able to respond simply but applicable mechanism at the same time for almost all types of structure. Inspired by Patent No.: US 6,862,848B1, year 2008 Tsang published an article and introduced new system of isolation (Tsang 2008). This system is formed from rubber and soil mixture located in the base ground under structure foundation. Tsang showed the ability of mitigation of earthquake energy and isolation wave transition of this system for a ten story building. Afterward Kaneko conducted pseudo-dynamic response test and concluded that this system is effective for both seismic isolation and to prevent liquefaction and Xiong proposed that seismic isolation per-formance of rubber soil mixture is inferior to that of a foundation underlain by pure-sand, carried out by shak-ing table tests with a 1/3 scale rubbersoil mixtures model. All these evaluations prove the isolation ability of rubber-soil mixture as an isolator system. Therefore, researches over this new idea has begun and researches such as Senetakis et al. has started to find the behavioral parameters of rubber-soil mixture
Ground Isolation by Geo-Isolator
Seismic waves propagate through interior of the earth from earthquake focus to ground surface. The final portion of this traveling is often through the soil that can greatly influence the nature of shaking on the surface. Herein, a new isolation system is introduced to mitigate seismic waves before entering into the structure by changing the soil nature of underlying ground aggregates, named as geo-isolator (Sarraf et al 2024).
The Geo Isolator is placed between the structure and the sub soil to separate the structure from the bed soil. Consequently, separation of the whole structures and foundation on the entire contact surface from sub soil leads to change the nature of single point isolation into the extended continuous surface of 3D isolation over entire foundation-soil surface. In fact, the Geo Isolator effects whole incoming seismic waves by utilizing 3D effect of wave mitigation, damping, refraction and reflection for both vertical and horizontal seismic waves of all kinds of surface or body waves due to system mechanism that designed for all seismic arrival waves through the body of the bed soil.
Geo-Isolator Material
Base-isolators is made from two parts of resistant section (lead) and mitigating section (rubber). Geo-isolator system categorizes in the same manner; however, allowable range of material stresses decrease from steel power to soil power by transferring isolator system from column-foundation junction to underground position. This changing over range of stresses help to consider more types of material as isolator aggregates. Appropriate choice for resistant section of geo-isolator is the same soil which not only accessible but also economical. For mitigating section, materials with high damping features, considerable hysteretic curve, low stiffness and rea-sonable ultimate stress is intended. Thus, although material used by past researchers was rubber, other materials with those four specific features have to find this chance to be considered. Such material may be named as elastomers, soft polymers, oil derivatives and etc. In spite of this consideration, this research, similar to past researches, utilizes the mixture of rubber and soil as geo-isolator material. In geotechnical engineering, the mix of shredded tires and sand is known as rubber-sand mixture or RSM. ASTM D6270 − 08 (Reapproved 2012) standard approve applicability of this material and determines some rules for the manner of being used in civil engineering project such as lightweight retaining wall backfill, drainage layers for roads, thermal insu-lation to limit frost penetration, vibration damping layers for rail lines, lightweight embankment and replace-ment for soil or rock in other field applications. One of the important rule which is relevant to this project states that RSM layer cannot be buried more than of 3 m depth.
Geo-Isolator Advantages
Geo-isolator is a new isolation system, which is located in the ground under the foundation. This system mit-igates earthquake peak acceleration such that for the worst case of ground 0.7g excitation, isolated structure experiences 0.35g peak acceleration. Results of this research are offered in the form of design spectra, by evaluating seven scaled excitations soil response analyses. The important outcomes of this research are as follow:
Geo-Isolation Inspiration
Introduction: In the field of civil engineering, there is a pressing need for innovative solutions to address the dynamic forces caused by earthquakes and explosive loads. Traditional strengthening systems often come with significant challenges and complications. This project aims to introduce a novel approach that offers efficient and effective mitigation of these forces.
Concept: Seismic waves travel from the earthquakes epicenter to the earths surface, primarily passing through the soils of the earths crust in the final stages. The properties of these soils significantly influence the nature of these waves and the resulting surface vibrations. Essentially, these soils act as filters, altering the frequencies of seismic waves.
Inspiration: Drawing inspiration from this natural phenomenon, the proposed idea involves modifying the subsoil characteristics using materials with specific properties. This modification aims to deviate (through refraction and reflection) and dampen seismic waves before they reach the structure.
Methodology: By examining how changes in soil characteristics affect the reduction of earthquake wave impacts, the project will identify the optimal materials for this purpose. The goal is to overcome the limitations of existing separation systems by introducing the concept of bed separation.
Implementation: The soils characteristics greatly influence ground-level vibrations and the conditions of the construction site (soil under the foundation). These factors significantly affect the amplitude, frequency content, and duration of seismic movements. The core idea is to transfer the seismic isolation system from the structure itself into the soil.
Execution: The isolation system is moved from the base of the columns on the foundation to the bed soil beneath the foundation. This extends the seismic isolation level across the entire surface under the foundation, effectively separating the entire building (including the structure and foundation) from the underlying soil.
Materials: The separation of the building from the underlying soil is achieved using materials that can withstand the buildings gravity loads while reducing and controlling the passage of earthquake waves. This isolator system reduces the force applied to the structure and its components during an earthquake, significantly decreasing floor acceleration and relative displacement between floors.
Benefits: As a result, design forces are reduced, leading to a lighter building skeleton and lower implementation costs.
This innovative approach promises to enhance the resilience of buildings against seismic activities, offering a practical and efficient solution for modern civil engineering challenges.
Geo-Isolation Inspiration
Introduction: In the field of civil engineering, there is a pressing need for innovative solutions to address the dynamic forces caused by earthquakes and explosive loads. Traditional strengthening systems often come with significant challenges and complications. This project aims to introduce a novel approach that offers efficient and effective mitigation of these forces.
Concept: Seismic waves travel from the earthquakes epicenter to the earths surface, primarily passing through the soils of the earths crust in the final stages. The properties of these soils significantly influence the nature of these waves and the resulting surface vibrations. Essentially, these soils act as filters, altering the frequencies of seismic waves.
Inspiration: Drawing inspiration from this natural phenomenon, the proposed idea involves modifying the subsoil characteristics using materials with specific properties. This modification aims to deviate (through refraction and reflection) and dampen seismic waves before they reach the structure.
Methodology: By examining how changes in soil characteristics affect the reduction of earthquake wave impacts, the project will identify the optimal materials for this purpose. The goal is to overcome the limitations of existing separation systems by introducing the concept of bed separation.
Implementation: The soils characteristics greatly influence ground-level vibrations and the conditions of the construction site (soil under the foundation). These factors significantly affect the amplitude, frequency content, and duration of seismic movements. The core idea is to transfer the seismic isolation system from the structure itself into the soil.
Execution: The isolation system is moved from the base of the columns on the foundation to the bed soil beneath the foundation. This extends the seismic isolation level across the entire surface under the foundation, effectively separating the entire building (including the structure and foundation) from the underlying soil.
Materials: The separation of the building from the underlying soil is achieved using materials that can withstand the buildings gravity loads while reducing and controlling the passage of earthquake waves. This isolator system reduces the force applied to the structure and its components during an earthquake, significantly decreasing floor acceleration and relative displacement between floors.
Benefits: As a result, design forces are reduced, leading to a lighter building skeleton and lower implementation costs.
This innovative approach promises to enhance the resilience of buildings against seismic activities, offering a practical and efficient solution for modern civil engineering challenges.